Match Fishtank is now Fishtank Learning!

# Multiplication and Division of Whole Numbers

Students continue their work with multi-digit multiplication and division and the base-ten system in order to finalize fluency with multi-digit multiplication and extend division to two-digit divisors.

## Unit Summary

In Unit 2, students will build on their work on multi-digit multiplication and division from Grade 4 as well as their understanding of the structure of the base-ten system in Unit 1 to finalize fluency with multi-digit multiplication and extend multi-digit division to include two-digit divisors.

In Grade 4, students attained fluency with multi-digit addition and subtraction (4.NBT.4), a necessary skill for computing sums and differences in the standard algorithm for multiplication and division, respectively. Students also multiplied a whole number of up to four digits by a one-digit whole number, as well as two two-digit numbers (4.NBT.5). By the end of Grade 4, students can compute those products using the standard algorithm, but “reason repeatedly about the connection between math drawings and written numerical work, help[ing] them come to see multiplication and division algorithms as abbreviations or summaries of their reasoning about quantities” (Progressions for the CCSSM, “Number and Operation in Base Ten, K-5", p. 14). Students also find whole-number quotients and remainders with up to four-digit dividends and one-digit divisors (4.NBT.6). Similar to multiplication, by the end of Grade 4, students can compute these quotients using the standard algorithm alongside other strategies and representations so that the algorithms are meaningful rather than rote.

Unit 2 of Grade 5 begins with writing, evaluating, and interpreting simple numerical expressions (5.OA.1, 5.OA.2). This serves both to review basic multiplication and division facts, which supports major content later on in the unit, and as a way to record calculations that will grow increasingly complex as the unit progresses. Then, students solidify the standard algorithm for multiplication with the computational cases from Grade 4 before extending its use to larger and larger factors (5.NBT.5). Next, students follow a similar progression with division, first computing quotients involving cases from Grade 4 using a variety of strategies and then extending those methods to computations involving two-digit divisors. Note, however, that unlike multiplication, fluency with the standard division algorithm is not expected until Grade 6 (6.NS.2). Throughout the unit, students “learn to use [the] structure [of base-ten numbers] and the properties of operations to reduce computing a multi-digit…product or quotient to a collection of single-digit computations in different base-ten units” (MP.7) (Progressions for the CCSSM, “Number and Operation in Base Ten, K-5", p. 4). Further, “repeated reasoning (MP.8) that draws on the uniformity of the base-ten system is a part of this process” (Progressions for the CCSSM, “Number and Operation in Base Ten, K-5", p. 4).

Later this year, students will rely on their knowledge of whole-number computations to perform them with decimals (5.NBT.7). They will also write, evaluate, and interpret expressions with fractions and decimals in Units 5 and 6 (5.OA.1, 5.OA.2). This work "in Grade 5 prefigure[s] their later work with variable expressions" (6—8.EE) (OA Progression, p. 32). Further, students solidify fluency with the division algorithm and extend fluency with all four operations to decimals (6.EE.2—3). They also extend these computations to yet unknown parts of our number system, such as negative numbers (7.NS). Thus, by the end of this unit, students will be just shy of fluency with all four operations with whole numbers and ready to tackle them with other types of numbers while simultaneously starting to think beyond calculation of numerical expressions to the understanding and interpretation of them, hinting at a new world of mathematics—algebra.

Pacing: 23 instructional days (20 lessons, 2 flex days, 1 assessment day)

For guidance on adjusting the pacing for the 2020-2021 school year due to school closures, see our 5th Grade Scope and Sequence Recommended Adjustments.

• Expanded Assessment Package
• Problem Sets for Each Lesson
• Student Handout Editor
• Vocabulary Package

## Assessment

This assessment accompanies Unit 2 and should be given on the suggested assessment day or after completing the unit.

## Unit Prep

### Intellectual Prep

?

Intellectual Prep for All Units

• Read and annotate "Unit Summary" and "Essential Understandings" portion of the unit plan.
• Do all the Target Tasks and annotate them with the "Unit Summary" and "Essential Understandings" in mind.
• Take the unit assessment.

Unit-Specific Intellectual Prep

• Read the following table that includes models used throughout the unit.
 Area model Example: Solve $21 \times 11$ using an area model. Partial products algorithm Standard algorithm for multiplication Partial quotients algorithm Standard algorithm for division

### Essential Understandings

?

• When multiplying, it is more efficient to decompose the value with fewer non-zero digits. In the standard algorithm, this means writing the number with fewer non-zero digits on the bottom.
• When estimating with division, it is more effective to use numbers that are easy to compute mentally rather than rounded numbers (e.g., ${413 \div 64 \rightarrow 420 \div 60}$).
• Some computational estimates can be better than others, depending on what numbers are chosen to use in place of the actual values. Computational estimates can be too high or too low, depending on how the numbers were originally estimated, the computation being performed, and where in the number sentence it’s located.
• General base-ten methods for multiplication and division (including the standard algorithm) are dependent on (1) an understanding how to compute products and quotients of multiples of 10, 100, 1,000, etc., and one-digit numbers, and (2) the distributive property.

### Vocabulary

?

expression

equation

grouping symbols (parenthesis, brackets, braces)

### Unit Materials, Representations and Tools

?

• area models
• partial products algorithm
• standard algorithm for multiplication
• partial quotients algorithm
• standard algorithm for division/long division
• tape diagrams

#### Unit Practice

With Fishtank Plus you can access our Daily Word Problem Practice and our content-aligned Fluency Activities created to help students strengthen their application and fluency skills.

View Preview

## Common Core Standards

Key: Major Cluster Supporting Cluster Additional Cluster

### Core Standards

?

##### Number and Operations in Base Ten
• 5.NBT.B.5 — Fluently multiply multi-digit whole numbers using the standard algorithm.

• 5.NBT.B.6 — Find whole-number quotients of whole numbers with up to four-digit dividends and two-digit divisors, using strategies based on place value, the properties of operations, and/or the relationship between multiplication and division. Illustrate and explain the calculation by using equations, rectangular arrays, and/or area models.

##### Operations and Algebraic Thinking
• 5.OA.A.1 — Use parentheses, brackets, or braces in numerical expressions, and evaluate expressions with these symbols.

• 5.OA.A.2 — Write simple expressions that record calculations with numbers, and interpret numerical expressions without evaluating them. For example, express the calculation "add 8 and 7, then multiply by 2" as 2 × (8 + 7). Recognize that 3 × (18932 + 921) is three times as large as 18932 + 921, without having to calculate the indicated sum or product.

?

• 4.NBT.B.4

• 4.NBT.B.5

• 4.NBT.B.6

• 5.NBT.A.1

• 5.NBT.A.2

• 3.OA.D.8

• 4.OA.A.3

?

• 6.EE.A.2

• 6.EE.A.3

• 6.EE.A.4

• 6.NS.B.2

• 6.NS.B.3

• 6.NS.B.4

### Standards for Mathematical Practice

• CCSS.MATH.PRACTICE.MP1 — Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them.

• CCSS.MATH.PRACTICE.MP2 — Reason abstractly and quantitatively.

• CCSS.MATH.PRACTICE.MP3 — Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others.

• CCSS.MATH.PRACTICE.MP4 — Model with mathematics.

• CCSS.MATH.PRACTICE.MP5 — Use appropriate tools strategically.

• CCSS.MATH.PRACTICE.MP6 — Attend to precision.

• CCSS.MATH.PRACTICE.MP7 — Look for and make use of structure.

• CCSS.MATH.PRACTICE.MP8 — Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning.